With Apple’s recent announcement that customers spent over $10 billion on the App Store in 2013, dont plus de $1 billion in December alone (over three billion apps were downloaded), there can be no doubt in anyone’s mind that the app culture just continues to rise. But as apps become more and more significant in our society, are they opening up our world or are they shutting it down? How are the advantages of face to face contact as relevant when we have cutting-edge, digital toys to interact with?
Aujourd'hui, dans La recherche globale pour l'éducation, Dr. Howard Gardner and Katie Davis discuss with me what they believe it means to be “app-dependent” contre “app-enabled,” and how life for today’s generation differs from life before the digital era. Gardner and Davis are the authors of the meticulously researched and thought-provoking book, La génération d'applications: How Today’s Youth Navigate Identity, Intimacy, and Imagination in a Digital World.
Howard Gardner est le John H. et Elisabeth A. Professeur Hobbs de la cognition et de l'éducation à la Harvard Graduate School of Education. Katie Davis is an Assistant Professor at the University of Washington Information School, where she studies the role of digital media technologies in adolescents’ académique, social, and moral lives.
Do you believe that apps increase productivity? Si oui, do you see any drawbacks?
There is no question that apps allow us to do many things more quickly and thus free us to take on more tasks and perhaps more different projects. What is important is that the user remains in charge–that the app enables productivity, rather than encourage dependency. Dans La génération d'applications, we quote Alfred North Whitehead, who says that civilization advances by virtue of the number of important operations that one can perform without thinking about them. Sounds great, at first! But then we raise the question – who is to decide what is important? We’d like to keep that decision for ourselves, rather than turning it over to any technology, no matter how clever or powerful it may appear.
What are some of the challenges adolescents experience when using apps? Par exemple, how do apps impact their physical and emotional health?
It is not the apps themselves that impact adolescents but the way adolescents use apps. Dans le livre, we distinguish between app-enablement and app-dependence. Adolescents who are app-enabled use apps as jumping off points to spark their imaginations, explore their interests, and forge new relationships or strengthen existing ones. The affordances of new media technologies may be particularly beneficial to those youth who, in a pre-internet, pre-app era, had difficulty finding an outlet for their creativity or a community with which to share their non-mainstream interests.
En revanche, adolescents who exhibit app-dependence will look to apps before they look inside themselves for answers to questions, for interpersonal connection, even for providing their sense of themselves. Such dependence can also have physical ramifications like sleep deprivation. Many adolescents find it difficult to put the phone away at a reasonable hour when there is a plethora of apps at their fingertips, many of them extremely “sticky.”
In today’s competitive online social world, “fame” is largely about who has the most likes and/or the most followers. Many believe that those individuals who have championed the art of digital fame are the most creative and also have the strongest sense of identity. Would you agree or disagree and why?
We would strongly disagree. Creativity denotes the ability to come up with something that is original and that ultimately affects how other people see and act. Identity denotes a sense of self with which one is comfortable, and that also makes sense to those with whom one lives and interacts.
There is no reason to assume that digital fame precludes creativity and a strong sense of identity – Justin Bieber and Beyoncé may have both. We argue that the ‘branding’ modélisé par des applications encourage identités slicks et superficielles, rather than ones that are forged gradually through a variety of experiences in a variety of settings over time. We doubt that Albert Einstein (un créateur d'exception) ou Nelson Mandela (avec son puissant sentiment d'identité) aurait passé beaucoup de temps sur Facebook!
Pouvez-vous expliquer brièvement les façons positives et négatives, selon vous, la technologie peut favoriser l'intimité?
Our work has focused particularly on the new digital technologies. Social media, rencontres applications, and the like certainly make it possible to get in touch with many people and can help us find someone who shares our backgrounds, interests, aspirations. These options are especially helpful for persons who are eccentric.
We believe, cependant, that genuine intimacy requires individuals to be together, face-to-face over significant periods of time, and to have multi-faceted conversations, including ones that may be difficult or sensitive. To the extent that technology attempts to substitute superficial or asynchronous contacts for lengthy and deep ones, it undermines intimacy.
Kids experience bullying and invasion of privacy in both a face-to-face world and a digital world. Do you believe one world is any worse than the other, et pourquoi?
No matter how it is experienced, bullying is painful. And as authorities like Emily Bazelon have emphasized, it is ultimately destructive as well for the bully. In face-to-face bullying, you at least see the reaction of the other person – depending on how sadistic the bully is, that direct confrontation of eyeballs can either exacerbate or undercut the bullying.
There is one facet of bullying today that is infinitely worse than in earlier times. It can now – and often does – occur 24-7, not just in school or on the playground. Victims often cannot keep from accessing their messages, thereby playing right into the keystrokes of the bully, night and day.
Apps are here to stay. How can we preserve the best practices of face-to-face interaction while engaging these tools which define a new generation?
What are the advantages of face-to-face interaction? We would say having the opportunity, as well as the obligation, to monitor how the other person is reacting to our message – whether it be a message of love, of disagreement, or threat. It is simply more difficult to ignore the ‘pragmatics’ of a statement when it is uttered in your presence – complete with tone of voice, with facial and bodily expression, et par dessus tout, with eyes – looking at you directly, or squinting out of the corner of your eye, or averting your eyes altogether. And it is more difficult for others to ignore votre feelings, passions, and intent as well.
The challenge of maintaining face-to-face interaction begins at home and continues at school. If parents model such direct interaction with one another and with friends and family, then young persons will understand its configuration and its effectiveness. The same point obtains with respect to school – what teachers and older peers model is what will be learned and practiced.
One thing is sure: if adults themselves avoid face-to-face interactions, then young people will as well. Huge dimensions of human experience will be lost – imagine Mona Lisa peering at her device, or Rhett Butler and Scarlett O’Hara communicating via Facebook or Twitter.
Thinking ahead perhaps ten years from now, what additional research should be done to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of apps?
A question that we researchers love to hear! We’d be particularly interested in the effects, on young and old, of putting aside their devices for awhile, and spending time in ‘app-free’ environnements. No doubt there would be initial frustration but we speculate – more technically, nous hypothesize – that individuals will discover aspects of themselves, their environments, and their peers that have been obscured by our current over-dependence on devices and apps.
On the positive side, we are interested in the differences between apps that enable (allow us to do things that we could not do before) and apps that make us dependent (apps that cut off options and leave us without skills or understanding should we find ourselves deprived of the apps). Anything that we can do to promote app-enablement will be very important.
And as the ultimate reward there is app-transcendence – the capacity, at will, to toss aside the apps and the devices and let our imaginations and skills reign free. Our poster boy for app-transcendence: Steve Jobs!
Pictures are courtesy of Government of Alberta, Howard Gardner and Dwight School Seoul.
Dans La Recherche globale pour l'éducation, joindre à moi et leaders d'opinion de renommée mondiale dont Sir Michael Barber (Royaume-Uni), Dr. Michael Bloquer (États-Unis), Dr. Leon Botstein (États-Unis), Professeur Clay Christensen (États-Unis), Dr. Linda Darling-Hammond (États-Unis), Dr. Madhav Chavan (Inde), Le professeur Michael Fullan (Canada), Professeur Howard Gardner (États-Unis), Professeur Andy Hargreaves (États-Unis), Professeur Yvonne Hellman (Pays-Bas), Professeur Kristin Helstad (Norvège), Jean Hendrickson (États-Unis), Professeur Rose Hipkins (Nouvelle-Zélande), Professeur Cornelia Hoogland (Canada), Honorable Jeff Johnson (Canada), Mme. Chantal Kaufmann (Belgique), Dr. Eija Kauppinen (Finlande), Le secrétaire d'Etat Tapio Kosunen (Finlande), Professor Dominique Lafontaine (Belgique), Professeur Hugh Lauder (Royaume-Uni), Professeur Ben Levin (Canada), Seigneur Ken Macdonald (Royaume-Uni), Professeur Barry McGaw (Australie), Shiv Nadar (Inde), Professeur R. Natarajan (Inde), Dr. PAK NG (Singapour), Dr. Denise Pape (États-Unis), Sridhar Rajagopalan (Inde), Dr. Diane Ravitch (États-Unis), Richard Wilson Riley (États-Unis), Sir Ken Robinson (Royaume-Uni), Professeur Pasi Sahlberg (Finlande), Professeur Manabu Sato (Japon), Andreas Schleicher (PISA, OCDE), Dr. Anthony Seldon (Royaume-Uni), Dr. David Shaffer (États-Unis), Dr. Kirsten immersive, (Norvège), Chancelier Stephen Spahn (États-Unis), Yves Thézé (Lycee Francais U.S.), Professeur Charles Ungerleider (Canada), Professeur Tony Wagner (États-Unis), Sir David Watson (Royaume-Uni), Professeur Dylan Wiliam (Royaume-Uni), Dr. Mark Wormald (Royaume-Uni), Professeur Theo Wubbels (Pays-Bas), Professeur Michael Young (Royaume-Uni), et le professeur Zhang Minxuan (Chine) alors qu'ils explorent les grandes questions d'éducation de l'image que toutes les nations doivent faire face aujourd'hui. La recherche globale pour l'éducation communautaire page
C. M. Rubin est l'auteur de deux séries en ligne largement lecture pour lequel elle a reçu une 2011 Upton Sinclair prix, “La recherche globale pour l'éducation” et “Comment allons-nous savoir?” Elle est également l'auteur de trois livres à succès, Y compris The Real Alice au pays des merveilles.
Suivez C. M. Rubin sur Twitter: www.twitter.com/@cmrubinworld
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